shibu99 What are Data Structures in R? Data Structures define how multiple data values are organized, related, and stored in memory so they can be efficiently processed, searched, filtered, sorted, and analyzed. Core Data Structures Comparison Table Structure Dimension Data Type Primary Use Vector 1D Same Lists of numbers/text Matrix 2D Same Mathematical computation Array Multi … Read more
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§1. Basic Concepts Consider the system of equations: 3x + 4y − 3z = 52x − 9y + 7z = 44x − 2y + z = 26x + 8y − 3z = 1 Here x, y and z are unknowns and their coefficients are all numbers. Arranging the coefficients in the order in which they … Read more
1. Creating a Matrix Using the matix( ) Function Explanation: By default, R fills the matrix column-wise. This means: The print() function simply displays the matrix on the console so that the user can visually inspect the structure. 2. Creating a Matrix with Row-wise Filling Explanation: As a result: This option is particularly useful when … Read more
1. What is a List in R? A list in R is a special data structure that can store different types of data together in one place. This means a single list can contain: So, a list is like a bag that can hold anything. This makes lists very powerful and very flexible. Lists are … Read more
Unit 1 — Foundations of Probability Probability theory is the mathematical study of uncertainty. In Data Science, uncertainty appears everywhere: in predicting user behaviour, measuring risk, forecasting demand, estimating disease spread, analysing noisy sensor data, and training machine‑learning models. Very often, we do not know the exact outcome of an experiment before it happens. Instead, … Read more
In statistical inference and data science, we rarely have access to an entire population. Instead, we observe random samples and must infer unknown population parameters, denoted by symbols such as μ (mean), σ² (variance), or θ (a generic parameter). When a single numerical value computed from the sample is used to estimate a parameter, it … Read more
1. What Is Programming? Programming is the process of writing instructions for a computer so that it can perform specific tasks. A computer is a powerful machine, but it cannot think or make decisions on its own. It only works according to the instructions given by humans. These instructions must be written in a special … Read more
Introduction: Why Interval Estimation Is Essential in Statistics Point estimation provides a single numerical value as an estimate of a population parameter. While such estimates are simple and useful, they fail to convey the uncertainty inherent in the sampling process. Two different random samples drawn from the same population rarely produce identical estimates. This variability … Read more
Introduction: The Role of Estimation in Statistical Science Statistics, as a discipline, is fundamentally concerned with learning about an unknown population based on limited information. In real-world situations, populations are often extremely large, infinite, or conceptually abstract. For example, the population may consist of all possible measurements produced by a manufacturing process, all potential voters … Read more
